Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington
Browse
thesis_access.pdf (53.34 MB)

The Early Paleogene Succession at Tora, New Zealand; Stratigraphy and Paeloclimate: A Critical North Island Eocene Temperature Record and a Crucial Linkage Between the Depositional Settings of the Central and Southern East Coast Basin

Download (53.34 MB)
thesis
posted on 2021-11-13, 10:24 authored by Hines, Benjamin R.

This study has utilised the Mg/Ca paleothermometry method to provide a new, North Island reference of sea temperatures in the Southwest Pacific during a period of extreme global warming, referred to as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; ~53-50 Ma). This period of Earth’s history is of great interest as it represents the warmest climates of the Cenozoic. Importantly the climate dynamics of this period as simulated by computer models do not appear to match paleo-proxy data, specifically with regard to the latitudinal distribution of heat. Development of this paleoceanographic record involved detailed mapping of three sections in the Wairarapa region (41.506199 S, 175.517663 E) of New Zealand’s North Island. Three primary stratigraphic sections (Pukemuri, Awheaiti and Te Oroi Streams) were described and dated using foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, with supplementary observations and measurements included from sections at Manurewa and Te Kaukau Points. These sediments are primarily siliciclastic sandstones and mudstones in composition, and sedimentary structures within these sections include turbidite sequences, channelisation and synsedimentary slumping, suggesting the EECO interval here is represented by sedimentation within a mid-bathyal submarine channel and fan environment. In contrast, the Early Paleocene Manurewa and Awhea Formations have previously been interpreted as a shallow, marginal marine environment which is at odds with benthic foraminiferal paleodepth indicators and trace fossil assemblages identified in this study.  Selected genera of planktic foraminifera were extracted from the EECO interval and paleo-water temperatures determined from Mg/Ca values measured by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICPMS). This method was selected as it allows specific targeting of analysis sites, enabling avoidance of contaminated and altered parts of the test. This method also provides simultaneous measurements of other trace elements (Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ba) that can be used as a guide to preservation state of the test (for example, Al, Ti and Si are considered indicators of detrital contamination levels). Four foraminifera genera were selected as suitable paleotemperature indicators of separate components of the water column. Morozovella spp. and Acarinina spp. were selected for surface mixed layer paleotemperature estimates, Subbotina spp. for thermocline temperature values, and Cibicides spp. for bottom water temperature determinations.SEM images, combined with trace element data were used to parse the resulting Mg/Ca data and only those that met strict quality criterion, including low detrital contamination and lack of visual evidence for recrystalisation were used for temperature reconstruction. Planktic Mg/Ca data were converted to temperature using the relationship (Mg/Ca = [Mg/Casw-t]/[Mg/Casw-0] × 0.38 0.09 × T) and benthic Mg/Ca temperatures calculated using (Mg/Ca = [Mg/Casw-t]/[Mg/Casw-0] × 0.87 0.109 × T), each assuming an early Eocene seawater Mg/Ca value of 4.1 mol/mol. Calibrated Mg/Ca results show peak sea surface temperatures of 29°C for Morozovella and Acarinina in the East Coast Basin during the Early Eocene, with bottom water temperatures of 17°C obtained from Cibicides. These data are consistent with the high sea surface temperatures reconstructed by previous workers in the nearby Canterbury Basin. The data from this new reference point support the idea that the EECO was characterised by a lower, possibly absent latitudinal temperature gradient in the midlatitude Southwest Pacific, than numerical models suggest, indicating a fundamental gap in the knowledge of climate dynamics in conditions much warmer than today.

History

Copyright Date

2012-01-01

Date of Award

2012-01-01

Publisher

Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington

Rights License

Author Retains Copyright

Degree Discipline

Geology

Degree Grantor

Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington

Degree Level

Masters

Degree Name

Master of Science

Victoria University of Wellington Item Type

Awarded Research Masters Thesis

Language

en_NZ

Victoria University of Wellington School

School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences

Advisors

Atkins, Cliff; Hollis, Chris; Baker, Joel